The Ransom of Atahualpa

On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, Lord of the Inca Empire, agreed to meet with a handful of bedraggled foreigners who had intruded upon his realm. These foreigners were some 160 Spanish conquistadors under the command of Francisco Pizarro and they treacherously attacked and captured the young Inca Emperor. Atahualpa offered to bring his captors a fortune in ransom and he did so: the amount of treasure was staggering. The Spanish, nervous about reports of Inca generals in the area, executed Atahualpa anyway in 1533. Atahualpa and Pizarro Francisco Pizarro and his band of Spaniards had been exploring the western coast of South America for two years: they were following reports of a powerful, wealthy empire high in the frosty Andes Mountains. They moved inland and made their way to the town of Cajamarca in November of 1532. They were fortunate: Atahualpa, Emperor of the Inca was there. He had just defeated his brother Huà ¡scar in a civil war over who would rule the kingdom. When a band of 160 foreigners showed up on his doorstep, Atahualpa was not afraid: he was surrounded by an army of thousands of men, most of them war veterans, who were fiercely loyal to him. The Battle of Cajamarca The Spanish conquistadors were aware of Atahualpas massive army - just as they were aware of the massive quantities of gold and silver carried by Atahualpa and the Inca nobles. In Mexico, Hernà ¡n Cortes had found riches by capturing Aztec Emperor Montezuma: Pizarro decided to try the same tactic. He hid his cavalrymen and artillerymen around the square in Cajamarca. Pizarro sent Father Vicente de Valverde to meet the Inca: the friar showed the Inca a breviary. The Inca glanced through it and, unimpressed, threw it down. The Spanish used this supposed sacrilege as an excuse to attack. Suddenly the square was filled with heavily armed Spaniards on foot and horseback, massacring native nobility and warriors to the thunder of cannon fire. Atahualpa Captive Atahualpa was captured and thousands of his men were murdered. Among the dead were civilians, soldiers and important members of the Inca aristocracy. The Spanish, practically invulnerable in their heavy steel armor, did not suffer a single casualty. The horsemen proved particularly effective, running down terrified natives as they fled the carnage. Atahualpa was placed under heavy guard in the Temple of the Sun, where he finally met Pizarro. The Emperor was allowed to speak with some of his subjects, but every word was translated for the Spanish by a native interpreter. Atahualpa’s Ransom It didn’t take long for Atahualpa to realize that the Spanish were there for gold and silver: the Spanish had wasted no time in looting corpses and the temples of Cajamarca. Atahualpa was made to understand that he would be freed if he paid enough. He offered to fill a room with gold and then twice over with silver. The room was 22 feet long by 17 feet wide (6.7 meters by 5.17 meters) and the Emperor offered to fill it to a height of about 8 feet (2.45m). The Spanish were stunned and quickly accepted the offer, even instructing a notary to make it official. Atahualpa sent out word to bring gold and silver to Cajamarca and before long, native porters were bringing a fortune to the town from all corners of the empire and laying it at the feet of the invaders. The Empire in Turmoil Meanwhile, the Inca Empire was thrown into turmoil by the capture of their Emperor. To the Inca, the Emperor was semi-divine and no one dared risk an attack to rescue him. Atahualpa had recently defeated his brother, Huà ¡scar, in a civil war over the throne. Huascar was alive but captive: Atahualpa feared he would escape and rise again because Atahualpa was a prisoner, so he ordered Huascars death. Atahualpa had three massive armies in the field under his top generals: Quisquis, Chalcuchima and Rumià ±ahui. These generals were aware that Atahualpa had been captured and decided against an attack. Chalcuchima was eventually tricked and captured by Hernando Pizarro, whereas the other two generals would fight against the Spanish in the months that followed. The Death of Atahualpa In early 1533, rumors began flying around the Spanish camp about Rumià ±ahui, greatest of the Inca generals. None of the Spaniards knew exactly where Rumià ±ahui was and they greatly feared the massive army he led. According to the rumors, Rumià ±ahui had decided to free the Inca and was moving into position to attack. Pizarro sent out riders in every direction. These men found no sign of a large army, but still the rumors persisted. Panicked, the Spanish decided that Atahualpa had become a liability. They hastily tried him for treason – for allegedly telling Rumià ±ahui to rebel – and found him guilty. Atahualpa, last free Emperor of the Inca, was executed by garrote on July 26, 1533. The Inca’s Treasure Atahualpa had kept his promise and filled the room with gold and silver. The treasure brought to Cajamarca was staggering. Priceless works of art in gold, silver and ceramic were brought, along with tons of precious metals in jewelry and temple decorations. Greedy Spaniards smashed priceless objects to pieces so that the room would fill up more slowly. All of this treasure was melted down, forged into 22 karat gold and counted. Atahualpa’s ransom added up to over 13,000 pounds of gold and twice that much silver. After the â€Å"royal fifth† was taken out (the King of Spain imposed a 20% tax on conquest loot), this treasure was divided up among the original 160 men according to a complicated arrangement involving footmen, horsemen and officers. The lowliest of the soldiers received 45 pounds of gold and 90 pounds of silver: at today’s rate the gold alone is worth over a half million dollars. Francisco Pizarro received roughly 14 times the amount of a common soldie r, plus substantial â€Å"gifts† such as Atahualpa’s throne, which was made of 15 karat gold and weighed 183 pounds. The Lost Gold of Atahualpa Legend has it that the Spanish conquistadors did not get their greedy hands on all of Atahualpa’s ransom. Some people believe, based on somewhat sketchy historical documents, that a group of natives was on its way to Cajamarca with a load of Inca gold and silver for Atahualpa’s ransom when they received word that the Emperor had been murdered. The Inca general in charge of transporting the treasure decided to hide it and left it in an unmarked cave in the mountains. Supposedly it was found 50 years later by a Spaniard named Valverde, but then was lost again until an adventurer named Barth Blake found it in 1886: he later died suspiciously. No one has seen it since. Is there a lost Inca treasure in the Andes, the final installment of Atahualpa’s Ransom? Source    Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

Is Justice Universal And Never Changing - 1759 Words

A question that pervades every modern culture when it comes to their system of justice is whether, â€Å"Is our justice based on an inalienable plane that cannot be changed by humans or nature?† That is to say, is justice universal and never changing? For over two millennia since civilizations have existed, civilizations have conveniently supported their justice system as universal through their religion. Thomas Hobbes will suggest an alternative to this explanation of justice, that justice is not universal among all men, but it takes another element to decide what justice is. This would seem to discount the thought of an universal justice that exists in everyday life. However, what arises is another question that needs to be answered, â€Å"Is there universal justice in nature?† Nature being the plane of existence that everyone in this universe exists in. Nature is the stimuli and experiences that all humans and creatures alike encounter in their life. If Hobbes is co rrect in saying that there is no universal law that dictates how man may live, is there a law of nature that dictates how man may react to his surroundings? When that question is answered, Hobbes then throws another question that builds off of that answer. If there does exist a universal law of justice in nature, then what is just and what is not just? While we may be satisfied in whatever conclusion we draw, Hobbes throws a wrench into our satisfaction by stating that, â€Å"just and unjust have no place prior to theShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations Universal Human Rights Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights stands as the current gold standard for every individual’s rights. Focusing on culture, one may see that cultural rights are not clearly defined and are oftentimes in conflict with other types of rights. 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Various effects of Low-Interest Rates

Question: Describe about the clear demonstration of focused rigorous research from recognised authoritative sources? Answer: Introduction In the case of UK economy, the rate of interest was very low from the past seven years. The lower rates of interest will encourage borrowing which will lead to attracting the investment as well as the citizens spending (Aspromourgos, 2011). The aggregate demand of UK citizens become higher and thus economic growth in the UK has taken place. However, the inflationary pressure can be seen due to a rise in the aggregate demand. It can be argued that the rate of interest must stay at the very bottom level in the current year. Thus, Central Bank of England should take some policies to increase the rate which will set the standard for overdraft, mortgage and loans. This report will discuss the effects of low-interest rates in the context of UK economy and the possible measures taken by Central Bank of England to control the situation. Effects of low rate of interest There are some situations which will arise due to the low rate of interests. The effects are- Firstly, the lower rates of interest give a lower yield from saving. Thus, the incentive to save will be lower which attracts the customers spending rather than the holding on to money. Secondly, the lower rate of interest makes a cheaper borrowing cost in the UK. This situation encourages the citizens, as well as firms, take the loans to finance investment as well as greater spending (Gerlach and Lewis, 2013). Thirdly, the price of assets increases due to the low-interest rates. Thus, purchasing the assets are attractive for the UK citizens. Thus, the price of houses had increased and hence there is a rise in the wealth. This will encourage the spending among customers (Bolt et.al., 2015). Fourthly, when the rate of interest is lower, there is a reduction in the mortgages monthly costs. Thus, more disposable income has been seen among UK citizens which raise the customer spending. Lastly, as the rate of interests is low from last seven years, then UK citizens save relatively lesser amount. Thus, there is a fall in the value. Fall in the rate of exchange makes the import costlier which affect the AD (Bhattarai, 2011). Macroeconomic Model The model of AD shows AD= C+I+G (X-M). As the rate of interest is lower, the components like C, I, (X-M) have increased (Blanchard and Johnson, 2013). Figure 1: UK Interest rate To enhance the growth in the UK after recession UK government body were cut the rate of interest. The below figure will help to understand the effects of lower interest rate. Figure 2: AD-AS model Source: (Blanchard and Johnson, 2013). Lower interest rate increases the aggregate demand from AD to AD2. There will be no change in AS curve. Previously, the real GDP was Y1 and after the shift in the AD, the real GDP increases to Y2. It shows that there is a higher economic growth in the UK. Inflation rises as AD increases (Mankiw, 2012). Impact of lower interest rate in the UK The above study has shown that from 2007 the interest rate is very low which has proved to be partially successful in affecting the high level of growth in the UK. Table 1: Interest Rate in the UK (WorldDataBank, 2016). Series Code Country Name Country Code 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 FR.INR.RINR United Kingdom GBR 2.574535317 1.764719688 -1.375897334 -2.532556408 -1.563418231 -1.107699076 -1.456129255 -1.186293701 When the interest rate is lower, that is, from 2008 to 2014, it will have a different impact on societys various groups. The homeowners, borrowers and the mortgage holders get privilege from the lower interest rate in the UK. Thus, these people will spend more money. However, savers face some negative impact. The retired person of UK have lower disposable income from the savings and hence the spending surely be lower. In the UK, a higher proportion of people depends on their saving. The lower rate of interest reduces the income of them. The UK is known as a region of borrowers. Thus, the level of debt mortgage is higher. Therefore, the low level of interest rate has a greater impact in the United Kingdom. Thus, it can be said that EU nations have a tendency to depend on rent rather than buying. The lower interest rate will also affect the current account of trade. As it attracts the spending of the citizens, there is a noticeable rise in the import spending. Thus, the current account has been deteriorated. It also causes an exchange rate depreciation in UK economy. Thus, the export is competitive than before as well as elastic demand can be seen in the UK. This incident will lead to an improvement in UKs current account. Thus, the effects are little confusing for the researcher. The service sectors of UK has been affected adversely due to the continuous slowdown of interest rate. Lower rate creates turmoil in the financial sectors which will lead to the lowest growth from the past three years. The rate of interest is low historically from the past 7 years and the figures have given the assurance to the policymakers of the bank of England that costs of borrowing will be low without a rise in inflation. The snapshot of service sectors has shown that the different business actions in the UK cover the insurers hairdressers and has expanded at a very slow rate from 2013 March when UK economy was a fragile economy and recessions came into place. Role of Central Bank of England In this situation, the Central Bank of England will try to modify its monetary policy to bring monetary stability in the UK by bringing inflation stability in the economy, and also controlling the social and economic consequences (Kirby, 2013). There are some factors which should be taken into account to manage the interest rate. Factors In the meetings of setting or changing the rate of interest, the policymakers should know every information about the UK economy. While taking the decision the bank members should be taken into account Capacity The rate of GDP growth and output gap size should be taken into account. Hence, the bank will set the monetary policy in a manner by which the bank can control the AD of UK economy and make it productive in nature. Consumer credit and Bank lending It includes the withdrawal of equity from the market of housing as well as the credit card lending data which should support the demand of the consumer. Housing prices and Equity markets Both are very important for UK economy in the determination of wealth of household. The monetary policy should not have any target officially for the housing price inflation annually. Average earning and growth of wages The wage inflation will lead to a cost-push inflation. Thus, the bank should be careful about the wage rate. To control this situation, the contractionary monetary policy may be used by the central bank of England. This policy will help to finance the slowdown situation of UK economy. It is basically used in the money supply reduction as well as spending in the UK. The Central Bank can use this policy by increasing the interest rate, raising the requirements of reserves and by reducing the supply of money (McTaggart et.al., 2012). As the rate of interest is very low from last 7 years, this policy may be used to enhance the rate. After assigning a high-interest rate, the government as well as other banks will start borrow at that rate, however, to build the level of money, the other banks will also lend the interest rate which will be higher. When the Central bank have imposed the higher rate, other banks also start following it (Gordon, 2012). Thus, the borrowing will be lower by the consumers. Thus, inflation will be also reduced from the UK economy. When interest rate increases, the savings will be raised and retired individuals will start spending more than this slowdown situation. The central bank of can also increase the requirements of reserves over the other commercial banks to monitor the withdrawals on a regular basis. When the requirement is greater, the banks will borrow at a lower rate from the citizens. Thus, spending will be decreased automatically which will control the demand pull inflation (Escolano et.al., 2014). The central bank can reduce the supply of money directly along with indirectly. With a higher demand, the policy will enhance the exchange rate. Thus, there will be an increase in the rate of import and decrease in export. The circulation of money will be managed the Central Bank of England (Olugbode et.al., 2013). Conclusion In this study, the researcher has shown that interest rate in the UK has fallen down from last seven years. The various effects of low-interest rates have been discussed by using microeconomic and macroeconomic theories. Basically, it has risen the AD. Thus, Central Bank of England should perceive the monetary policy to control demand-pull inflation as well as slowdown situation. References Aspromourgos, T. (2011). CAN (AND SHOULD) MONETARY POLICY PURSUE A ZERO REAL INTEREST RATE, PERMANENTLY?. Metroeconomica, 62(4), pp.635-655. Bhattarai, K. (2011). The impact of the exchange rate and money supply on growth, inflation and interest rates in the UK. IJMEF, 4(4), p.355. Blanchard, O. and Johnson, D. (2013). Macroeconomics. Boston (Mass.): Pearson. Bolt, W., Demertzis, M., Diks, C., Hommes, C. and Leij, M. (2015). Identifying booms and busts in house prices under heterogeneous expectations. [Luxembourg]: [Publications Office]. Escolano, J., Kolerus, C. and Lonkeng Ngouana, C. (2014). Global Monetary Tightening. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Gerlach, S. and Lewis, J. (2013). Zero lower bound, ECB interest rate policy and the financial crisis. Empir Econ, 46(3), pp.865-886. Gordon, R. (2012). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Kirby, S. (2013). Prospects for the UK Economy. National Institute Economic Review, 226(1), pp.F46-F64. Mankiw, N. (2012). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C. and Parkin, M. (2012). Macroeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson. Olugbode, M., El-Masry, A. and Pointon, J. (2013). Exchange Rate and Interest Rate Exposure of UK Industries Using First-order Autoregressive Exponential GARCH-in-mean (EGARCH-M) Approach. The Manchester School, 82(4), pp.409-464. WorldDataBank. (2016). [online] Databank.worldbank.org. Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2country=series=FR.INR.RINRperiod=#

Job Vs. J.B. Essays - Book Of Job, Job, Prophets Of Islam, J.B.

Job Vs. J.B. J.B. and Job There are many similarities but also many differences between the story of Job in The Bible and Archibald MacLeishs J.B. These similarities and differences falls along the categories of style, story line, and characterization. First, the style of both pieces of literature. J.B. is a play by Archibald MacLeish whereas the story of Job is a drama. In both of these pieces a prologue is present. However, the prologue differs greatly. In Job, the prologue merely states a vague background of the life of Job and his family. On the other hand, the prologue of J.B. gives detailed descriptions of J.B. and each and every one of his family members. In both cases, an antagonist is present. The antagonist is not necessarily evil or bad, but simply just one who disagrees. Second, the story line. Although Archibald MacLeish wrote the play based on the story of Job in The Bible, there are many differences in the story line. In The Bible, Jobs misfortune was spawned by Satan trying to show God that Job was not as holy as God had thought. God gave Satan the power to destroy everything Job had, including his health. Jobs children all died together when the roof of the house collapsed on them while they were all dining at the house of the oldest brother. His wife died also, and all of his possessions was taken from him. Furthermore, he contracted painful sores all over his body. As for J.B., his children died separately, one after the other. The oldest had died in the army. Two were involved in a car accident. One daughter was killed by an explosion that also took out J.B.s millions. And the youngest was raped. However, J.B.s wife, Sarah, was not killed, but instead she left him. In The Bible, Job is confronted by his three friends. His friends encourages h im to turn against God and to curse him, but he refused to do so. On the other hand, J.B. was confronted with four friends, the first three encouraging him to turn against God but the fourth telling him to pray to God and to praise Him. In the end, God gives back Job his original wife Sarah and his ten kids. He is rid of the painful sores and his possessions were doubled. On the other hand, J.B.s wife came back and they produce new children; he also received his wealth back. The biggest difference between the two story lines is that in J.B. the presence of God is not really emphasized. Third, the characterization. J.B. was based on a 20th century New England millionaire, while Job was a wealthy man who lived in the land of Uz in 1000 B.C. J.B. had a wife named Sarah, two sons, three daughters, and was wealthy financially. Job also had a wife names Sarah, but he had seven sons, three daughters, and was wealthy in land and cattle. Jobs children were vaguely described, for they only existed for a short part of the story. On the other hand, J.B.s children were individually introduced, and participated in a scene together with J.B. and his wife. Also, another characterization difference that was mentioned earlier was that Job only had three friends who come to speak to him, meanwhile, J.B. had four. Its amazing to see how an author can make a 3000-year-old drama come to life with only a few changes. Archibald MacLeish has created a wonderful play and it will continue to remind its readers the insignificance of materialistic things. English Essays

A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay Example

A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay Example A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay This is a direction study on how Bolton Youth Offending Team manages alteration and ensures quality young person services within the organisation, the council and the community. Harmonizing to the description provided on its web site, Bolton Youth Offending Team is a authorities administration run by the Bolton Council, and the Management Board of the organisation is drawn from member administrations including Social Services, the Probation Service, Police, Education and Health services. The Bolton Youth Offending Team draws support from an active and effectual voluntary and community sector and provides support, counsel, information and preparation and develops links between voluntary and community organisations and bureaus ( Bolton Youth Offending Team Council web site, 2009 ) . The purposes and aims of the organisation highlighted the fact that Bolton Youth Offending Team believed in greater engagement of community members, particularly parents of immature people and actively supported engagement in community activity and engagement of persons, immature people and communities in procedures that affect our lives. There were nevertheless other aims of the squad and the chief intent of the organisation has been to assist forestall immature people from interrupting the jurisprudence and acquiring into problem with the constabulary and tribunals. The organisation provides support and advice to immature people in detention, in prisons, sentenced by tribunals or victims of offense. Bolton Youth Offending Team is based on the rule that although many immature people are victims or culprits of offense, they should still be provided counsel and support every bit good as advice on how they can be more responsible citizens or how they can avoid similar jobs in the hereafter. When immature people are arrested, the determination devising procedures could impact their lives, it is possible to take positive action even after immature people are arrested and it is of import to value the function of persons involved with Bolton Youth Offending Team. Bolton Youth Offending Team is managed by the Bolton Council and members of the Management Board are from other Council divisions every bit good. Bolton Youth Offending Team emphasizes on equal engagement of all community members and particularly of immature people and their household members and focal points on pulling more and more persons in community development and volunteering. The direction board which comprises of membe rs from member organisations and other Council divisions encourages youth engagement across community degrees. 2.0 Organizational Effectiveness: 2.1 The forces that are determining the work of the administration and its staff Bolton Youth Offending Team and its member organisations from Police, Education etc, usage rules concentrating on authorities policy, professional involvements and community demands to determine the work of the community and its staff. The Bolton Youth Offending Team organizational development squad supports sustainable development of voluntary organisations and community groups as the major focal point of the squad is to develop the groups that work on rules in conformity with Bolton Youth Offending Team. The organisational development squad offers counsel, information, preparation and aid to groups and organisations that could present ends more efficaciously and workers from the squad assist the groups to measure their demands and construct support and develop learning chances. Some of the spouses of the organisation are from other authorities and Council sections such as Social Services, the Probation Service, Police, Education and Health every bit good as bureaus and these organi sations help in supplying the basic direction construction of the organisation ( Bolton Youth Offending Team, 2009 ) . Even the direction system and rules every bit good as the focal point of the organisation are shaped in conformity with the in agreement scheme as there are representatives of these different spouse organisations are involved in determining the basic policies of the organisation that later reflects on other groups. The Bolton Youth Offending Team works closely on Partnerships with bureaus and community groups that bring together public sector bureaus, voluntary and community groups and local concerns and they discuss issues about Bolton ad particularly immature people in Bolton. This is to guarantee enhanced work and partnership among the bureaus and voluntary community groups and local concerns. There are nevertheless other forces that shape any organisation and harmonizing to the rules of direction the five forces of direction include the menace of replacement merchandises and services, the menace of entry of new rivals, the strength of competitory competition, the bargaining power of clients and dickering power of providers ( Porter, 1980 ) . Therefore new rivals, providers, purchasers, new merchandises and competition are basic forces that could impact any sector. However in instance of voluntary sector, the direction rules are based towards cooperation with other new groups or organisation s instead than any signifier of competition. 2.2 Organizational Culture Organizational civilization is the survey of psychological science, attitudes, experiences and moralss or working systems showed or followed by workers within an organisation. The organisational civilization within Bolton Youth Offending Team is characterized by cooperation and coaction as the chief focal point is on offering advice and counsel to immature people and people of related organisations so that ends could be delivered more efficaciously. Workers from the squad could assist measure the demands of the group, particularly those of the immature people and could offer capacity edifice and support and besides develop larning chances for the members or for other community groups and organisations. Bolton Youth Offending Team prepares studies and supervising for immature people involved in offense, young person offense, employment, instruction, direction, commission accomplishments, legal issues, personal development and volunteering ( Bolton Youth Offending Team web site, 2009 ) . Team members besides help with preparation demands analysis, developing chances and other preparation for the organisation. The organisation civilization therefore remains unfastened and supportive with a focal point on leaving cognition. As the organisation draws upon the expertness of board members from several organisations, the organisational civilization is about a corporate attempt to heighten community work and engagement from all positions and Bolton Youth Offending Team provides support and preparation in a comprehensive mode. Organizational civilization could depict a comprehensive scope of services provided by the Bolton Youth Offending Team and the process for supplying these services through teamwork and partnerships with other organisations. Organizational civilization besides directs and provides a method of engagement as the staff and other spouses will hold to promote interaction and advance a civilization of engagement within any organisation. Harmonizing to the rules of direction, organisational civilization should be based on the analysis of the 4Ps of topographic point, merchandise, monetary value, and publicity which signifies where a merchandise or service will be launched, what will be its characteristics, what would be the monetary value that the people will hold to pay to acquire the service or merchandise and how the intelligence of the launch would be propagated through publicity ( Kotler, 2005 ) . This means a proper selling scheme in conformity with the 4Ps will hold to be implemented for any new service or launch of a new unit within the Bolton Youth Offending Team or Bolton council. 2.3 Agreements for staff and beneficiary engagement in the administration. Staff and beneficiary engagement within the Bolton Youth Offending Team occurs through the partnership squad and the squad aims to better the quality and effectivity of voluntary and community groups and their engagement in multi-agency work by doing equal agreements for staff and donees to take part in the execution of all undertakings in a smooth manner. The community groups that work with Bolton Youth Offending Team screen activities of regeneration, community safety, acquisition, policing, instruction and societal attention and partnerships enable groups to stand for positions of members and influence service bringing, determination devising, policy development. The partnerships squad supports and enables multi-agency work relationships to better community work and this has been possible through back uping and propagating webs, forums and promoting voluntary groups to work together ( Mullins, 1999 ) . Representatives are supported as they are provided with new information on new enterprises and working with spouses to set up effectual constructions for community engagement. Smaller groups are besides supported and this includes supplying support to handicapped people and minority cultural communities ( Harris, 1994 ) . Some of the specific activities of the organisation that encourages and promotes beneficiary engagement within any organisation include back uping community and voluntary engagement as in societal attention partnerships ; back uping a web for groups of immature people, back uping minority cultural groups to take part in partnerships ; back uping voluntary community webs, forums and treatments. 2.4 How the administration ensures/promotes anti-oppressive patterns. The Bolton Youth Offending Team promotes diverseness issues and tackles minority jobs by advancing duologue among different groups and particularly supports immature people from different backgrounds. With an extended web with other community organisations, the Bolton Youth Offending Team highlights the importance of understanding young person concerns from all backgrounds and particularly youth engagement among minority groups. There is particular accent to promote equal engagement of all members and the chief aims and ends of Bolton Youth Offending Team are based on counsel irrespective of background supplying chances and counsel to all immature people who may hold got into problem for their offenses. This is stated on their web site as follows: A ; acirc ; ˆ?We back up immature people who are charged by the constabulary and have to look in tribunal We prepare studies for tribunal to help the tribunal to make up ones mind sentences for immature people We work with the tribunals, canvassers and the Crown Prosecutions Service to hold and supply support to immature people granted bond by the tribunals We provide support to immature people who have been remanded by the tribunals We work with and back up immature people who have been sentenced by the tribunals We support immature people who have been sentenced to detention and we support and work with them when they are released from detention A ; acirc ; ˆA? . ( Bolton Youth Offending Team, 2009 ) . This accent suggests that the intent of the organisation has been to promote more engagement among all community members irrespective of their race, ethnicity or faith ( Pollitt, 1993 ) . 3.0: Recommendations for betterments If a recommendation for the betterment of services of the Bolton Youth Offending Team organisation is to be considered, the primary focal point should be managing anti oppressive patterns even more strongly to advance and further societal inclusion and particularly among the immature people of varied cultural backgrounds. The Bolton Youth Offending Team should besides follow a more structured attack to direction of community services and as such should pull its specified five twelvemonth scheme that could assist do young person services even more inclusive and comprehensive. Bolton Youth Offending Team actively supports community engagement of immature people and other members in Bolton community and provides support and preparation for community development and AIDSs in the young person engagement in the community besides developing links between voluntary and community organisations. Most of the voluntary organisations which are non involved in community young person services could besides spread out their scope of preparation and development enterprises with the association of Bolton Youth Offending Team. In footings of direction of the organisation, the organisation has a group of cardinal direction squad that provides practical services and support to voluntary and community groups and some of their services include supplying support, counsel, reding, advice on tribunal affairs, young person offense, offense, anti societal activity, drugs and alcohol addiction imprisonment and mulcts. The squad normally offers aid to voluntary organisations and community groups and includes commissariats of preparation, information Sessionss and counsel for specialist squads and recommendations for development would be to develop more specific schemes that the voluntary community workers could follow. The Bolton Youth Offending Team could advance involvements of the voluntary sector and the community sector and the recommendations could be on doing the services more incorporate and comprehensive. In a recent study on the squad, probation inspectors have found that proper appraisals were non carried out on young person re-offending or ego injury and this has led to new steps being taken by the Council ( Bolton News, 2009 ) . Bolton Council squad which is the parent division of the Bolton Youth Offending Team promotes and supports volunteering activities and offers information and counsel to persons or volunteering organisations so people who want to volunteer and back up organisations affecting voluntaries are supported and provided the right sort of advice and preparation. The Bolton Youth Offending Team could be expanded further and could work with many other local voluntary organisations and all of them could follow a individual direction scheme that would assist the Bolton Youth Offending Team to link different sections and groups as a cohesive force on service for the community. 4.0 Decision Young person and community engagement through the voluntary and authorities organisations, particularly related to offense bar is an of import facet of societal development. The voluntary sector within the UK is particularly strong but young person and community engagement needs to be enhanced through a stronger direction scheme that would do public sector direction easy accessible and applicable in voluntary organisations ( Flynn, 1997 ) . What little public sector organic structures lack at times is a structured scheme for direction and collaborative integrated attempts among many community groups that would be indispensable to the operation of any organisation. Large organisations require many smaller groups that would work as a unit for the same intent and in this instance the intent would be to heighten community work and community youth engagement that could develop how immature people would be more active participants in societal life. The focal point on anti discriminatory po licy is besides of import as is the instance of most voluntary organisations in the UK and anti discriminatory policies that would advance societal inclusion of immature people is among one of the direction ends of all voluntary and authorities supported youth organisations. Sing the diverse scope of population with immature people from assorted cultural backgrounds, it is of import to stress on societal inclusion so that all members of the community could take part every bit in community work and supply their penetrations in societal work.

buy custom The Nursing Shortage essay

buy custom The Nursing Shortage essay It is evident that there are critical nursing shortages in many hospitals, which affect patients, nurses, physicians, as well as hospital administrators (Buerhaus, 2000). After conducting a random survey to determine the impact of the shortage of nurses in my department, I concluded that it is something critical due to increase in the number of preventable deaths. The situation has affected nurse-patient relationships, communication, quality of care and overall efficiency. Often nursing shortages have effects on patient safety, as it impacts on early detection of their complications (Buerhaus, 2000). I realized that there was an urgent need to develop team collaboration so as to improve patient care, as well as their safety. However, it has not been easy to increase the number of nurses to the required level due to many other factors, including financial constraints. Hospital administrators and nurses need to work as a team and come up with ways of dealing with the shortage as they work more closely than before. Generally, patient care should be a shared goal that needs discipline and teamwork (Buerhaus, 2000). Since we cannot reverse the shortage of nurses immediately, there should be communication to help strengthen the relationship between the existing nurses and improve the quality of patient care. Nursing shortage is currently a big problem caused by a lack of new students joining the nursing career, an aging workforce, and rapid population growth, thereby resulting in an increased need for better healthcare (Buerhaus, 2000). It is evident from several other reports that a significant percentage of patient death or injury is as a result of inadequate nurse staffing. It is a problem that also affects the nurses; they are overworked due to increased workloads, working for longer hours, and most importantly, there are limited resources needed to provide a high quality of healthcare to the patients. This takes its toll on the assessment of patients, diagnosis as well as treatment. The number of nurses required in a hospital depends on its size and number of patient beds present. This means that on a daily basis the patients to nurse ratio depends on the number of patients that each department has. My department has lots of patients daily, which results in understaffing as the hospital does not have the required finances to hire new nurses. A nurse has lot of work, when to consider patient history, the time and attention a single patient requires and medications. So, if there are many patients in a department like ours, there will be lots of work required and patients will end up receiving less attention and care. Getting more nurses has become a problem because of inadequate nursing programs as well as insufficient amount of instructors to guide them. Addressing the shortage of nurses will go a long way to addressing the current weaknesses seen in patient care. Inadequate staffing levels impact on both nurses and patients, but most importantly on the finances. Many deaths are caused by increase in costs of treating some diseases. The cost of care that goes into treating these patients will increase. Notably, nursing shortages affect the hospital in terms of fiscal management; not many patients will get the quality care they deserve, hence a rise in the cost needed to treat them. Hospitals are under a lotof pressure to come up with an environment that promotes quality care and guarantee safety, while at the same time controlling costs. To improve the hospitals financial health, I propose a number of customized solutions that are flexible and scalable as well. Notably, the solutions have to work within the hospitals budget so as to maximize investments and savings. For many years, nursing shortages have been solved by hiring or recruiting nurses from other states or countries such as Canada, India, and English-speaking African countries, as well as increasing their wages (Clifford, 1988). However, after conducting a survey, the current shortage of nurses in the hospital requires long term planning and solutions, since short term solutions have little impact (Clifford, 1988). Short term and long term solutions to the current shortages need recruiting of new nurses, retaining the current ones, and increasing the capability of nursing schools. I suggest that the hospital invests in supplying various educational facilities and funding or financial aid to specific students as scholarships in nursing, which will encourage them to work in the institution in the future. Other strategies should include retaining the current nurses in the hospital by providing a suitable working environment. The management should also encourage those who had left the nursing career by promising them even better working conditions. In general, the hospital should improve its working conditions as well as improve professional development of the nurses in the hospital. I also propose the following provisions: scholarships for a number of nursing students; public service announcements and community education programs aimed at encouraging more students to pursue careers in nursing; career ladder programs; a fast-track faculty loan repayment program for those who wish and agree to join the hospitals workforce; practice grants for the administration; and long term training grants to those joining the nursing program within the hospital. The hospital should also strive to improve the current working conditions for nurses by banning compulsory overtime practices and improving the staff ratios. In general, there should be a structural and cultural change within the hospital. Notably, there is a huge gap between the supply of nurses and their demand in hospitals, which will even worsen in future. However, in trying to deal with this problem, the hospital needs to be concerned about the impact it would have on its finances. Importantly, all hospitals should form a team to help in training of students in the nursing professions and encourage nursing orientation as well (Hodgman, 1999). I propose to the hospital that they should come up with an in-service and continuing education, besides setting internal staff levels, which are based on nurse proficiency and skill mix. It is important that all health care organizations invest in nursing services. Hospitals face a lot of pressure when it comes to controlling their finances, and the nurses are the ones who receive large parts of the hospital budget. I propose hiring more nurses as a short term solution, because it could actually save the hospital some money. A large number of patient deaths and wasting of valuable time could actually be avoided if the number of nurses is inncreased. However, it is impossible to get new nurses because of the lack of professors to teach them. Patients nowadays require even more nursing care, but the situation is bad, since there are fewer nurses to give them the necessary care. Implementing the above mentioned measures will go a long way into improving the current situation. An increase in staff will take care of shortages, as the other proposals act for the long term. It is important that we take care of the future. The current workforce will eventually retire and hence leave a gap which may not be easily solved (Hodgman, 1999). Specific Strategies to Solve the Nursing Shortage I propose: the development of educational partnerships with other relevant institutions, promotion of bedside nurse retention programs, training of current staff and new and emerging leaders, initiation of various scholarship programs and clinical academies as well, reduction of costs such as registry and traveler costs, initiating programs that support creativity, and also developing a plan that will redesign the patient care delivery model. Developing educational partnerships (Education).. Reduced$ 300,000 per year The grant that provides the hospital with funding for education programs will be consolidated to generate savings. Partnerships in the education department will reduce the money used for training and retraining of nurses. Slashing registry and traveler costs (Transport). Reduced$ 500,000 per year The budget reduce guarantee funding for overseas travel expenses for the hospital executive officers, as well as reducing the number of the officers who travel out of the country for conferences and other official functions. The budget envisions give saving the greater priority. Forming a Frontline Leadership initiative that fosters creativity (Leadership). Frontline leadership development initiatives will reduce funds, which were traditionally spent by the hospital due to poor leadership and misappropriation of funds Promoting bedside nurse retention. Increased$ 1,000,000 The budget should be increased in order to save the amount used to care for very sick patients, who will be left to go home and return afterwards when the sickness deteriorate. Training staff and molding leaders (Education). Reduced$ 2 million Training of staff on the modern equipments will help reduce cost caused by mishandling and destruction of these equipments. Some of them are quite expensive and training of the employees will be important in reducing the cost of repair and maintenance. Conclusion These are all short and long term goals, which will take up to ten years. In evaluating the effectiveness of the proposals, it is important that the management evaluates every single plan I have discussed after every year. They should be able to note that there is a reduction in the overall cost of treating patients. Buy custom The Nursing Shortage essay

Security audit assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security audit - Assignment Example safeguards protect the confidentiality of information through enacting various policy regulations that must be followed by the organizational employees. First, the disposal policy provides that the records consisting of confidential information related to patients or any other stakeholder to the health institution should be disposed off immediately and in accordance with the information security procedures outlined. The information disposal procedures provides that; once the confidential information that has been dispensed with, the user should dispose the information through shredding the papers if the record was in print, or formatting the hard disc for computerized information. Disaster recovery has also been taken care of in the health institution. All important information are backed up in the back-up disks and stored in a lock-and-key safe, accessible only to the It manager of the hospital. Risk Management process is adequately implemented by the health institution. The risk management measure that is offered by the organization is the restriction on the information that should be posted online both regarding the employees or the clients to the health institution. Thus, the information security regulations have prohibited posting online information related to the social security number, driving license number, credit or debit card number, medical status, religious or sexual orientation information related to anyone. Facility security is adequately catered for in the health institution. The staff gate has a technology system that identifies the staff through their badges, and only then will the door open to allow entry or exit. On the main gate used by the public, physical security measures include personal identification through the personal ID, which is registered at the entry. The organizational regulation provides that employees are liable for disciplinary action, if they are involved in any breach of the policies and procedure guiding the protection of